Sudan faces severe food insecurity and hunger due to a combination of factors:

Halime Adam Moussa, a Sudanese refugee who is seeking refuge in Chad for a second time, waits with other refugees to receive a food portion from World Food Programme (WFP), near the border

Sudan faces severe food insecurity and hunger due to a combination of factors:

1. **Conflict and Instability**: Ongoing conflicts and civil wars, including recent clashes between rival military factions, disrupt agriculture, trade, and humanitarian aid, leading to widespread food shortages.

2. **Economic Collapse**: Sudan's economy has suffered from high inflation, currency devaluation, and economic mismanagement. This economic instability limits people's purchasing power and access to food.

3. **Climate Change and Environmental Challenges**: Sudan experiences frequent droughts and erratic weather patterns, which negatively impact agricultural production. Water scarcity and desertification further exacerbate food shortages.

4. **Political Instability**: The country has experienced political turmoil and transitions, which hinder effective governance and the implementation of policies to address food insecurity.

5. **Humanitarian Crisis**: The combination of conflict, economic instability, and environmental challenges has led to a humanitarian crisis, with many people relying on international aid, which is often inadequate or disrupted.

These factors collectively contribute to the severe food insecurity faced by millions in Sudan. Addressing this crisis requires a multifaceted approach, including conflict resolution, economic stabilization, and effective humanitarian aid.

The conflict in Sudan has deep historical roots and is driven by several key factors:

1. **Historical Grievances**: Sudan has a history of ethnic, regional, and political tensions. The country was long divided between the more developed, Arab-dominated north and the marginalized, largely non-Arab south and west. These historical grievances have contributed to ongoing conflicts.

2. **Civil Wars and Separatism**: Sudan experienced two long civil wars, one that led to the secession of South Sudan in 2011. The conflicts were fueled by issues related to ethnic and regional inequality, as well as competition over resources.

3. **Political Instability**: The overthrow of long-time leader Omar al-Bashir in 2019 led to a fragile transition process, with competing factions vying for power. This instability has contributed to ongoing conflicts between various groups, including the military and civilian-led government.

4. **Economic Hardships**: Economic problems, including high inflation, unemployment, and poverty, exacerbate tensions and contribute to instability. Economic mismanagement and corruption also play a role.

5. **Ethnic and Regional Conflicts**: In Darfur, the western region of Sudan, there have been ongoing conflicts involving various ethnic groups and the government. These conflicts have included mass atrocities and displacement of populations.

6. **Military Power Struggles**: Internal power struggles between different factions of the military and paramilitary forces, such as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF), have further fueled violence and instability.

The conflict in Sudan is complex and multifaceted, involving historical grievances, political instability, and economic challenges. Resolving it requires addressing these underlying issues and fostering inclusive political solutions.

Sudan's economic collapse is the result of several interconnected factors:

1. **Political Instability**: Ongoing political instability, including the recent power struggle between the military and civilian government, disrupts economic activities and undermines investor confidence.

2. **Conflict and Violence**: Internal conflicts and violence, including clashes between military factions and ethnic violence, have damaged infrastructure, disrupted agriculture, and displaced populations, all of which contribute to economic decline.

3. **Sanctions and Isolation**: International sanctions, particularly those imposed by the U.S. and other Western countries, have limited Sudan's access to global financial systems and foreign investment. Although some sanctions were lifted after the ousting of Omar al-Bashir, the legacy of economic isolation persists.

4. **Hyperinflation and Currency Devaluation**: Sudan has experienced severe hyperinflation and currency devaluation. The Sudanese pound has lost significant value, making imports more expensive and reducing purchasing power for ordinary citizens.

5. **Debt and Financial Mismanagement**: Sudan is heavily indebted, with a substantial external debt burden. Mismanagement of financial resources and corruption have exacerbated economic problems.

6. **Loss of Oil Revenue**: The secession of South Sudan in 2011 led to the loss of a significant portion of the country's oil revenues, which were a major source of income for the government.

7. **Agricultural Challenges**: Climate change, droughts, and environmental degradation have negatively impacted agricultural productivity, leading to food shortages and further economic strain.

Addressing Sudan's economic collapse requires political stability, effective governance, economic reforms, and international support to stabilize the economy and promote sustainable development.

Sudan's political instability stems from several factors:

1. **Historical Conflicts**: Long-standing regional and ethnic tensions have fueled instability. Historical grievances between the north and south, as well as conflicts in regions like Darfur, have contributed to ongoing unrest.

2. **Military Coups and Authoritarian Rule**: Sudan has experienced multiple military coups and prolonged periods of authoritarian rule. The most recent coup in October 2021, which overthrew a transitional government, has intensified political uncertainty.

3. **Power Struggles**: After the ousting of President Omar al-Bashir in 2019, Sudan transitioned to a power-sharing arrangement between the military and civilian leaders. This arrangement was marked by frequent disagreements and power struggles, undermining the stability of the transitional government.

4. **Civil-Military Relations**: Tensions between the military and civilian factions within the transitional government have led to frequent clashes. The military's dominance and reluctance to cede control have hampered democratic progress and contributed to instability.

5. **Economic Crisis**: Economic hardships, including hyperinflation, unemployment, and poverty, exacerbate political instability. Economic challenges fuel public discontent and can lead to protests and unrest.

6. **Regional Influence**: External influences and interventions from neighboring countries and international actors can also impact Sudan's political dynamics, either by exacerbating conflicts or providing support to various factions.

Addressing Sudan's political instability involves resolving internal power struggles, promoting inclusive governance, and stabilizing the economy. International support and mediation can also play crucial roles in supporting Sudan's transition to a more stable and democratic political environment.

Sudan faces several terror-related threats due to a combination of internal and external factors:

1. **Militant Groups**: Sudan has experienced activity from various militant groups, including those with connections to extremist organizations. Groups like the Janjaweed, involved in the Darfur conflict, have been linked to various forms of violence and instability.

2. **Regional Instability**: The broader instability in the region, including conflicts in neighboring countries like Libya and the Central African Republic, can spill over into Sudan. Extremist groups operating in these areas may seek refuge or operate within Sudan's borders.

3. **Internal Conflicts**: Internal conflicts and power struggles within Sudan can create power vacuums that terrorist and extremist groups may exploit. The ongoing political instability and conflict between military factions can contribute to such threats.

4. **Terrorist Networks**: Sudan has a history of being a base for terrorist groups. Although the country has taken steps to distance itself from such networks, its past associations and ongoing conflicts can still pose risks.

5. **Economic and Social Issues**: High levels of poverty, unemployment, and social unrest can create conditions where extremist ideologies might gain traction among disaffected populations.

Addressing the terror threat in Sudan requires comprehensive strategies that include improving internal security, addressing underlying socio-economic issues, and cooperating with international partners to combat extremist networks.

In Sudan, several groups have been associated with violence and terrorism over the years, though the nature and influence of these groups have varied:

1. **Janjaweed**: Originally formed as a militia to fight rebels in Darfur, the Janjaweed have been implicated in numerous human rights abuses and acts of violence. They have been linked to the conflict in Darfur, where they committed atrocities against civilians.

2. **Sudanese Islamist Groups**: During Omar al-Bashir’s regime, Sudan was known for harboring Islamist groups, including elements linked to al-Qaeda. The regime had connections with extremist organizations, though Sudan has since made efforts to distance itself from such groups.

3. **Islamic State (IS) Affiliates**: While not a major base of operations, Sudan has faced threats from IS and similar extremist groups. There have been reports of individuals or small groups within Sudan having links to IS.

4. **Rebel and Militant Groups**: Various rebel groups and militias, some of which have extremist affiliations or engage in violent activities, operate in Sudan. These groups often emerge in the context of regional conflicts and power struggles.

The Sudanese government and international community work to address these threats through security measures, counter-terrorism operations, and diplomatic efforts. However, the complex political and social landscape in Sudan makes counter-terrorism efforts challenging.